Sometime back, I had written aboutthree executive LLMs that Indian mid-career lawyers can take a look at. One of those, mentioned only towards the end of the piece, was the Masters in Advanced Corporate Law (MACL) offered by the Michigan Law School. The MACL course caught my eye for a number of reasons, including the fact that the tuition fees ($31,337) is significantly lower than at other US law schools offering a similar sort of program.
To learn a bit more about the course, I reached out to Joseph Pollak, the International Affairs Program Manager at Michigan Law School. In an e-mail interview, he discussed the admission process, ideal applicant profile, and a whole lot more.
(Edited excerpts)
Joe Pollak
Is there a particular profile of lawyers that you think would be a good fit for the MACL program?
The ideal MACL student is an early or mid-career lawyer who would like to study corporate law and securities regulation from a US and comparative perspective.
It is someone interested in gaining knowledge, working hard, building relationships with classmates and professors and forever becoming part of the exclusive Michigan Law community. Someone who wants to pause their busy day-to-day life for three months and immerse themselves in a vibrant intellectual world surrounded by the gorgeous University of Michigan campus and our lively college town – to recharge in the fresh air of the American Mid-West – and emerge ready to tackle the next phase of their career.
Would Indian lawyers be exempt from the English proficiency requirement?
Normally, Indian applicants would need to supply test scores evidencing high English proficiency (TOEFL, IELTS, etc.). However, we understand that practicing lawyers may have other ways of showing that their English skills are sufficient.
Anyone who would like to request a waiver from our normal requirement should write to law.macl.admissions@umich.edu and we will evaluate each request on a case-by-case basis.
Would the MACL course allow one to sit for either the NY Bar or the California Bar, or any other US Bar exam?
At the moment, no. Our purpose for creating the program is to provide deep and useful expertise in the specific area of corporate law and securities regulation. Creating a program that allows graduates to sit for a state bar exam would detract significantly from that purpose.
We encourage people interested in qualifying for a US bar exam to enrol in our 9-month LLM program. Having said that, we are keeping an eye on some proposed rule changes that may allow MACL graduates to sit for a US bar exam in the near future.
In terms of course load, what would you say is the approximate number of study hours that the course would require? A lot of the applicants would be lawyers who may not have had to study for a while now.
Since study habits vary significantly from student to student, let me approach the questions in a different way. The MACL program is academically rigorous and it will require study hours outside of the classroom.
However, nearly all of our MACL professors were law firm lawyers before becoming academics so they understand the lifestyle, pressures, and mindsets of practicing lawyers and have tailored their courses accordingly. For example, MACL classes are graded on a tiered pass/fail basis rather than on a strict A through F rubric.
Could you talk about the writing requirement that the MACL program includes?
MACL students choose their own subjects for a piece of writing similar to the kind of writing that they encounter in their regular law practice.
Michigan Law’s legal research and writing professors work with students one-on-one and in small groups throughout the 12 weeks of the program to further hone foundational lawyering skills of writing, research, and analysis.
Lastly, would MACL students have access to the career development services at Michigan Law?
Yes! MACL students have access to online and written resources provided by our Office of Career Planning, including our job board and a comprehensive collection of specialized guides on relevant topics.
In addition, MACL students have access to perhaps our most valuable career resource: upon graduation, MACL students become part of a network of Michigan Law alumni around the globe.
At some point in my research, and I am guessing this will be the case for others as well, I chanced upon the writings of one Professor John Flood. A Professor of Law at Griffith University, John Flood has written extensively on the changing nature of the legal profession, amongst other things. But that is not all.
Here is the (slightly delayed) second part of “Fortnightly with John Flood” (FwF) series where the professor answers a question or two on legal education. (Read Part 1 here)
Early on in the Happy Lawyer podcast, you mention that in the legal world, legal academics are perhaps the most resistant to change – why do you think that is the case?
Law has high status and esteem. Very often lawyers dominate governments and their legislatures. Lawyers are able to command strict monopolies on who can practise. These tendencies push law in a conservative direction with little impetus for change. However, I don’t think this attitude can be maintained.
Monopolies are being challenged in areas like trade agreements and the like. New professional service providers are offering legal services–look at legal process outsourcing in India. Law and lawyers must respond to change and challenge or find themselves made redundant. There is nothing sacred about being a profession. It can grow or it can disappear. With machine learning and the like law can be offered to communities from outside the jurisdiction which will make it virtually impossible to stop or regulate.
Legal academics are conflicted by this. They are only just learning that such new technologies like blockchain can run smart contracts without human intervention. But their own backgrounds, intellectual and disciplinary, makes it difficult for them to catch on to what is happening. I suspect it will be up to newer generations of academics and lawyers to meet these challenges.
I’ve been a faculty member in a number of law schools and in each I could count on the fingers of one hand those who might understand something of how technology could change law. The remainder were either indifferent or openly hostile to the prospect and therefore wouldn’t invite it in.
First Person Accounts (FPA’s) are meant to provide a first-hand account of lawyer’s who have pursued a post-graduate course from different schools across the world. In this edition of the FPA, we get talking with Ritwika Sharma who recently completed an LLM from Cambridge University.
That is not the only post-graduate degree that she possesses, Ritwika also completed an LLM from NALSAR University. In this interview, she talks about the differences (and similarities) between the two LLMs, a career in research and policy, and a whole lot more.
Ritwika Sharma
When did you start thinking about a post-graduate education? Given that you went to NALSAR for an LLM immediately after your undergrad, was this something you decided on in your final year?
I started thinking about post-graduate education only towards the end of my final year at college. I was not very sure if I wanted to pursue the LL.M. and was actively applying for jobs till the beginning of my tenth semester.
I was certain that I wanted to start litigating after graduation, and I sat for the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) mostly to have a backup. The fact that the LL.M. had been converted to a one-year course (as opposed to the long-standing two-year course) nudged me into applying for the CLAT.
I ended up securing a decent rank in the exam which made me realise that I could get into a law school of my choice. At this point, I knew I wanted to do the LL.M. a few years later but because I had a good CLAT rank (and well, no job!), I decided to take the plunge and do the LL.M. immediately after my final year. So I will have to say that the NALSAR LL.M., for me, happened mostly by chance!
Why an LLM, and why at NALSAR?
When I managed to secure a good rank in the CLAT, I decided to go ahead with the LL.M. and not wait. Also, I must mention that at this point, I had not worked out the finances or the application procedure for an LL.M. from a foreign university. So personally for me, applying for a foreign LL.M. was completely out of question.
NALSAR was my first preference because of the choice of courses the university had on offer. I wanted to specialise in constitutional law. Even though NALSAR had stopped offering the constitutional law specialisation by the time I applied, the general LL.M. gave me the opportunity to study an assortment of courses. I ended up reading the most well thought-out courses in public law at NALSAR because I had the option to choose courses from across specialisations. Of course, most of them were grounded in constitutional law and administrative law but I also read courses in legal theory and environmental law.
Special mention for courses titled ‘Federal Features of the Indian Constitution’, and ‘Theories of Adjudication’ which helped strengthen the basics of constitutional law for me.
How would you compare the learning experiences at Amity and NALSAR? What were some of the bigger differences when you look back at the two?
I graduated from Amity Law School, Delhi which is affiliated to the Guru GobindSingh Indraprastha University. There were some very stark differences between the learning experiences at Amity and NALSAR. Something that comes to mind almost immediately is the way exams at Amity are structured.
Barring few instances, the exam is a test of rote learning. Open book examination did not exist at Amity, and we knew we were being tested on a very limited set of skills. Of course, I can imagine a law school like Amity being bound by the curriculum and examination patterns of the Indraprastha University, and being unable to immensely modify how they go about assessing students’ performances.
The other important factor that set apart Amity and NALSAR is exposure. Exchange programmes are not a norm at Amity. Based on my limited observation, most undergraduate students at national law schools have been to exchange programmes, an experience which is hard, if not impossible, to have at Amity.
Having said that, I must mention that I was equally happy with the faculty at both Amity and NALSAR. I remember being taught by some brilliant teachers at Amity and in that respect, I could not spot huge differences between the two institutions. The teaching styles were similar, and the faculty at Amity did try their best to stay at par with the way classrooms function at national law schools.
The one-year LLM in India is a fairly recent phenomenon. Would you recommend it to other law graduates?
Most people are surprised when I say this, but I will say (rather confidently) that the NALSAR LL.M. was almost as fulfilling as the one at Cambridge! I would certainly recommend it to potential candidates. Law schools are trying to diversify the specialisations and elective courses they have on offer, and I am certain that the quality of the Indian LL.M. is going to improve in the years to come. I found the faculty at NALSAR supremely invested in designing the LL.M. as an advanced research-based course of contemporary relevance.
Most people are surprised when I say this, but I will say (rather confidently) that the NALSAR LL.M. was almost as fulfilling as the one at Cambridge! I would certainly recommend it to potential candidates.
Of course, there are some aspects of the Indian LL.M. which merit deeper examination. The perception is that if one is pursuing the LL.M. from India it is because they want to venture into academics. This is a sweeping generalisation and I wonder why someone specialising in say, corporate law (or trade law) would not want to work at a law firm.
In a way, what I am trying to say is that LL.M. candidates should have an equal shot at recruitment at law firms (when they come visiting). Things might have changed since 2014 (when I graduated from NALSAR) to now, but back then, it was quite irksome to not have LL.M. students participate in recruitments right from day one. Also, high time that the unfounded discrimination between the undergraduate and graduate students ends – it is juvenile, meaningless, and does nothing to better the academic environment of a law school.
Also, high time that the unfounded discrimination between the undergraduate and graduate students ends – it is juvenile, meaningless, and does nothing to better the academic environment of a law school.
Clearly, your education journey was not complete. A few years at Vidhi, and you went on for another masters (LLM) at Cambridge. What were the reasons behind this move, and did you look at any other universities?
After about two years at the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, I was certain that I want to remain in the research and policy space (in India). To that end, it did make sense for me to pursue another advanced research-based degree. By then I knew that a second masters is not entirely unheard of, so I went ahead with it.
Apart from Cambridge, I had applied to Oxford, and the London School of Economics and Political Science in the UK. I had also applied to Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, and Yale in the US. These choices were premised on the kind of courses these universities offered under the broad realm of public law (because that is what I wanted to specialise in).
Did you apply for any sort of financial aid?
I did apply for financial aid but unfortunately, I could not lay my hands on any scholarship/ funding. In hindsight, I feel I should have been slightly more diligent with my funding applications.
It is hard, but not entirely impossible to get funding, especially because universities like Oxford and Cambridge have several scholarships on offer. Even a partly-funded LL.M. is a lot of money saved.
My sincere advice for candidates would be to diligently research funding opportunities because there is a lot out there. LL.M. courses in Europe are still not as well as known (as compared to those in the UK and USA) which means there are several untapped funding avenues over there.
When it came to the application itself, any advice for how one should go about drafting the SoP, who to ask for LoRs etc?
While drafting the SoP may not be that arduous a task in itself, answering a question about how to write one is! I was told that the SoP needs to be like a story – a succinct (and maybe poetic!) description of one’s current and future goals. I was also told that one needs to subtly market oneself in the SoP.
The point of the SoP is to establish one’s suitability for the course they are applying for, and to also convey to the admission authorities as to why that course is crucial for a person’s future goals. I guess if both these requirements are met, that makes for a good SoP (of course, in the form of a story)!
The point of the SoP is to establish one’s suitability for the course they are applying for, and to also convey to the admission authorities as to why that course is crucial for a person’s future goals.
Universities are very clear on the kind of LoRs they require. Most universities require academic LoRs, so always makes sense to keep in touch with professors from your undergraduate institution. For a person who has some professional experience, it makes sense to have one professional referee. Of course, it is advisable to get a LoR from someone who knows you closely, and not necessarily from someone who may be otherwise well-known.
How was the Cambridge experience? What were the expectations going in, and looking back, were they met?
The Cambridge experience was surreal! Even before the course commenced, I was quite taken by the grandeur of the city, and the kind of resources the University had to offer. It is a holistic experience where there is a lot to gain from the LL.M. course, and from the University town itself.
The University houses some of the most well-endowed libraries and one should make the most of those. There are some brilliant resources on offer, at times archival resources as well which are otherwise hard to find. The city by itself is culturally vibrant and there’s a lot to keep one occupied between terms. Cambridge as a city is quite expensive so there’s always this nagging concern about saving money. Even then, there are a lot of free activities that one can partake in, so all’s well!
Life at Cambridge could have been better if they had more courses on offer as part of the LL.M. For a university of Cambridge’s repute, the number of courses on offer is startlingly less, and not exactly diverse. Also, I am still trying to wrap my head around 8-week long terms which got over sooner than I realised.
Now I am sure that this has been in existence since time immemorial (and for Oxbridge, quite literally!), but I do believe that that’s something potential applicants should keep in mind while applying. Personally, I could have done with longer terms because I do feel that gives a student more time to familiarise with both the faculty as well as their fellow classmates.
Lastly, any advice for Indian law grads who are thinking about an LLM?
Be very, very mindful of what you want to specialise in. A student spends just about 10 months in the LL.M. course which get over even before one realises.
It makes sense to wisely choose one’s subjects when all you have is 10 months to specialise in it! This means that the whole applications’ process requires diligent research to ascertain the best law school suited to one’s area of interest.
I will repeat myself and say that candidates should spend as much time working on funding and scholarship applications. Chances are high that several people will get selected for the course, and the only thing that then sets one apart is the fact of earning a scholarship.
I will repeat myself and say that candidates should spend as much time working on funding and scholarship applications. Chances are high that several people will get selected for the course, and the only thing that then sets one apart is the fact of earning a scholarship.
First Person Accounts (FPA’s) are meant to provide a first-hand account of lawyer’s who have pursued a post-graduate course from different schools across the world.
Pranjal Doshi
Pranjal Doshi is currently enrolled in the Masters Degree in Corporate Law course (MCL) at Cambridge University (Class of ’19). In this FPA, the HNLU graduate discusses his reasons for applying to the MCL, the application process, and advice for those looking to apply for the MCL in the future.
How did you narrow down on the MCL? What were the factors that you considered before choosing your master’s degree?
My sole motivation of pursuing MCL was to deepen my understanding of the subjects I was genuinely interested in. I studied corporate laws in my third year and the dynamic nature of the subject intrigued me. Consequently, I chose ‘The Corporate Legal System’ as one of my two honours subjects to further develop a detailed understanding in the field. After studying ‘Corporate Finance’ and ‘Regulations’, it became indubitable to me that I wanted to enrich my knowledge in the said area and then, pursue a master’s degree in the same.
I realized that if my understanding of corporate laws has to evolve, it had to be reasoned and comprehended, not blindly digested. After interacting with my seniors and industry experts, I came to know about the matchless exposure an international law school has to offer. I wanted to be a part of the exceptional pedagogic techniques and thrived to work and learn under the best academicians of the world in the relevant field.
I shortlisted a few universities based upon the course curriculum and tuition fees and subsequently floated my application.
When did you start preparing for the application process? In your penultimate year?
I started working on my applications in the final year (probably October) and honestly did not spend a lot of time working on it.
Any advice for those who are looking to go through the application process? Any suggestions for the time that one should devote to the applications?
The SOP is the fundamental document and should be taken very seriously. An average CV can be superseded by a wonderfully-drafted SOP. The admission committee goes through dozens of SOPs in one day, so it’s necessary that what one is offering is not lost in the generic ‘I-want to change-the-world-crap’. The story ought to be believable and the flow must be flawless. One needs to make sure that the SOP has something more and different to offer than the CV. It’s the only opportunity to tell the selectors about who one really is and how he/she is more than the CV. The contents of the CV can be used as a reference to show the larger picture but one must not base the SOP as an elaboration of the CV.
One needs to make sure that the SOP has something more and different to offer than the CV. It’s the only opportunity to tell the selectors about who one really is and how he/she is more than the CV.
The motivation to pursue an LLM should be distinctly visible on the SOP along with the career plans. One has to link how this very LLM will bridge the gap between where one is today and where one aspires to be tomorrow. If one can validly justify this, the chances of getting the offer letter are almost guaranteed.
The length of SOP ranges from 300 to 1,500 words and depending on the length one needs to decide what all information has to be inserted. Well, the amount of time one needs to devote is really subjective. I gathered my fundamental education in an Hindi-medium school and therefore I struggled a lot while framing sentences and describing the story.
It isn’t a Herculean task and normally people would be fine if they are putting a week’s time in their applications.
Lastly, did you apply for any sort of financial aid?
Ah, this one’s tough. Well frankly, I had a pessimistic approach while applying to Oxbridge. I did not even spend a week in my applications because I always felt that I am not good enough for them.
Hence, after sending my applications, I conveniently forgot about the applications and when I got my acceptance in the last week of April, all the funding deadlines had passed by (It was too late).
The important lesson – Send as many (external) scholarship applications as possible and not to commit the same mistakes that I did.
Dhvani Mehta is one of the founding members of the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy. The Rhodes scholar has spent a considerable amount of time at Oxford University; after her BCL, she went on to complete an MPhil and then a DPhil in law from Oxford. In this podcast, she talks about legal education, her time at Oxford, the life of a researcher and a whole lot more.
You can read edited excerpts of the podcast here and here.
At some point in my research, and I am guessing this will be the case for others as well, I chanced upon the writings of one 
Amicus Partners 